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Portrait of lawyer James C. Purcell, credit Kathleen Purcell

James C. Purcell

James C. Purcell found the perfect plaintiff in Mitsuye Endo. Their landmark Supreme Court case helped end the incarceration of loyal Japanese Americans.

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German immigrants incarcerated at Fort Douglas, Utah, during World War I.

Alien Enemies Act of 1798

The Alien Enemies Act of 1798 gave U.S. presidents the power to detain or deport foreign nationals during wartime. The law still exists and has been used repeatedly for more than 200 years.

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Correspondents interview "Tokyo Rose" Iva Toguri, American-born Japanese. September 1945. (Navy)

Tokyo Rose

Branded a traitor for words spoken over the radio, “Tokyo Rose” became one of World War II’s most controversial figures. Decades later, history would reveal a more complex story of identity, propaganda, and injustice.

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Intake photographs of Shizuo Kai being transferred to Tule Lake from Jerome along with his wife, Kimi, September 2, 1943, Willard E. Schmidt Papers

No-No Boys (resisters)

On July 1, 1944, the first group of Japanese American “No-No Boys” were transferred from Tule Lake to federal prison for refusing the draft while their families remained incarcerated. Labeled “enemy aliens” and deemed “disloyal” for answering no to the loyalty questionnaire, these young men chose protest over compliance, and paid for it with years behind bars.

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Three children residing in the Winona Housing Project, Burbank, CA, November 1945, credit WRA, The Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley

The End of WRA

The incarceration of Japanese Americans officially ended on June 30, 1946. Many returned to vandalized homes, prejudice, and an uncertain future.

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The 1952 McCarran-Walter Act revised U.S. immigration law, for better or worse, credit history.com

The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

The McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 ended racial barriers to Asian naturalization, allowing Japanese and other Asian immigrants to become U.S. citizens. But the same law also granted broad presidential authority over immigration, powers later cited by the Supreme Court in Trump v. Hawaii (2018).

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Wally Yonamine, then the manager of the Chunichi Dragons, being tossed in the air by players and fans after winning the Central League Championship, Chunichi Stadium, Nagoya, credit Kyodo

Wally Kaname Yonamine

Wally Kaname Yonamine broke barriers in two countries, first as a Japanese American football player in the U.S., then as the first American to play professional baseball in Japan. His speed, skill, and sportsmanship changed the game forever.

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Portrait of Vincent Chin, Detroit News Photograph Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University

Vincent Chin

In 1982, Vincent Chin was beaten to death in Detroit by two white men who blamed Japan for the decline of the auto industry. Their light sentences sparked a national Asian American civil rights movement that continues to shape the fight for justice today.

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